ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#It is a challenge to characterize the consciousness level of patients with severe disturbance of consciousness and predict their prognosis effectively for Chinese doctors. We aimed to investigate the psychometric property and the diagnostic practicality of severe disturbance of consciousness by Chinese Nanjing persistent vegetative state scale (CNPVSS) which was first set up in 1996 and modified in 2001 and 2011.@*METHODS@#The concurrent validity, inter-rater consistency and diagnostic accuracy of CNPVSS and Chinese version of coma recovery scale-revised (CRS-R) were investigated by assessment of 380 patients with severe disorders of consciousness.@*RESULTS@#Total scores of the CNPVSS were correlated significantly with that of the CRS-R, indicating acceptable concurrent validity. Sub-scale analysis showed moderate to high inter-rater reliability and test-retest reliability. CNPVSS was superior to CRS-R on the diagnosis sensitivity. The CNPVSS was able to distinguish 65 patients in emergence from minimal consciousness state who were misclassified as in minimal consciousness state (MCS) by the CRS-R, and it could also distinguish two patients in MCS who were misclassified as in vegetative state by the CRS-R.@*CONCLUSION@#The CNPVSS is an appropriate measurement and is sensitive to distinguish the MCS patients from the VS patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective To explore the excretion of the 20 (S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) and its metabolites ocotillol type epimers (M1 and M2) in urine, feces samples and the excretion of Ml and M2 in bile samples. Methods The concentration of PPT, Ml and M2 in urine, feces samples and the concentration of Ml and M2 in bile samples were determined by the LC-MS/MS methods with or without the hydrolization by β-glucuronidase. Results After intragastric(ig) administration of PPT, the cumulative excretion rate for 72 h of PPT, Ml and M2 in feces were 14.88%, 1.34% and 0.084%, respectively. With the hydrolization by β-glucuronidase, the cumulative excretion rate for 72 h of PPT, Ml and M2 in feces were 14.77%, 1.36% and 0.085%, respectively. However, the epimers and PPT were hardly detected in urine. After ig administration of M1 or M2, the accumulation excretion rate were 4.41% for M1 and 47.2% for M2 in feces, while both epimers were hardly detected in urine. After ig administration of M1 or M2, the 36 h cumulative biliary excretion rate was 3.01% for M1, and only 0.068% for M2. The 36 h cumulative biliary excretion rate of M1 was 8.80% after intravenous administration, while only 1.24% for M2. Conclusion After ig administration of PPT, a small amount of PPT and its metabolites (Ml, M2) are excreted by the feces but little via urine, and there are stereoselectivity differences in biliary excretion between M1 and M2.
ABSTRACT
Gindenosides are the active ingredients of Panax ginseng. 20 (S) -protopanaxadiolocotillol type epimers are the main metabolites of 20 (S) -protopanaxadiol. The previous studies showed that there are stereoselectivity difference in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer. The purpose of this study was to explore the excretion of the epimers in bile, feces and urine of rat. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been performed for determination of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in bile, feces and urine. 24R-epimer or 24S-epimer was intragastric administered to rats at a single dose of 10 mg x kg(-1). Results showed that after administration the recovery of 24R-epimer and 24S-epimer in feces was 17.69% and 17.09%, respectively, while both of the two epimers were hardly detected in urine. The 48 h cumulative biliary excretion rate of 24R-epimer was 8.01% after administration, while only 1.47% for 24S-epimer. It indicated that there are stereoselectivity in biliary excretion of the epimers with intragastric administration.